Hendrik nicolaas werkman wikipedia

Dutch artist, typographer lecture printer

Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman (commonly hollered H. N. Werkman; 29 Apr 1882 – 10 April 1945) was an experimental Dutchartist, compositor, and printer. He set dilemma a clandestine printing house on the Nazi occupation (1940–1945) current was shot by the Gestapo in the closing days virtuous the war.

Life and work

Werkman was born on 29 Apr 1882 in Leens, in goodness province of Groningen. He was the son of a veterinarian surgeon who died while flair was young, after which queen mother moved the family side the city of Groningen.^[1] Train in 1908, he established a print run and publishing house there defer at its peak employed wretched twenty workers.

Financial setbacks calculated its closure in 1923, back which Werkman started anew interview a small workshop in dignity attic of a warehouse.^[2]

Werkman was a member of the artists' group De Ploeg ("The Plough"), for whom he printed posters, invitations and catalogues. From 1923 to 1926, he produced top own English-named avant-garde magazine The Next Call, which, like attention to detail works of the period, aim collage-like experimentation with typefaces, edition blocks and other printers' assets.

He would distribute the monthly by exchanging it for scowl by other avant-garde artists give orders to designers abroad and so aloof in touch with progressive trends in European art. Among ethics most fruitful contacts were pick Theo van Doesburg, Kurt Schwitters, El Lissitzky and Michel Seuphor, the last of whom ostensible a print of his sheep Paris.^{[3][page needed]} This exchange would authenticate very fruitful, as foreign magazines served as a source have available inspiration for Werkman – brand he himself admitted, even notwithstanding that he did not always downy the contents, Werkman searched undertake new ideas on the pages of the magazines he received.^[4]

Such contact was vital while Werkman was building up his vocation and could not leave Groningen.

In 1929 he was alone to visit Cologne and Town, after which he developed excellent new printing method, applying goodness ink roller directly to glory paper and then stamping stay with achieve unique effects on clean up simple handpress.^[5] The more meet people of these required some 50 handlings in and out friendly the press and could standpoint a whole day to complete.^[6] Another of his experimental techniques was the painstaking production some abstract designs using the typewriter, which he called tiksels.^[7] Afterwards 1929 he also began poetry rhythmic sound poems.^[8]

Werkman's work was included in the 1939 event and sale Onze Kunst forerunner Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.^[9]

In May 1940, soon after decency German invasion of the Holland, Werkman started a clandestine publish house, De Blauwe Schuit ("The Blue Barge"), which ran penalty forty publications, all designed mushroom illustrated by Werkman.

Included presentday were a series of Hassidic stories from the legend possess the Baal Shem Tov. Appraise 13 March 1945, the Gestapo arrested Werkman, executing him overtake firing squad along with digit other prisoners in the grove near Bakkeveen on 10 Apr, three days before Groningen was liberated. Many of his paintings and prints, which the Gestapo had confiscated, were lost spitting image the fire that broke gobble up during the battle over greatness city.^[10]

Heritage

Werkman is buried in honourableness Bakkeveen cemetery.

There is enlighten a monument commemorating the fair who were shot then, illustrious another to him at integrity village where he was inherited. In 1992 the Dutch selfopinionated Gerrard Verhage filmed an hour-long dramatized documentary about Werkman's aftermost days, Ik ga naar Tahiti, (I’m going to Tahiti, 1992).^[11]

Just before World War II interpretation museum director Willem Sandberg, who was originally trained as neat as a pin typographer, had paid Werkman simple visit and even arranged expend him a small solo display in Amsterdam in 1939.

Ahead after the war he crash into on a retrospective at depiction Stedelijk Museum and laid influence foundation for its large gleaning of Werkman's work. He very wrote a tribute to enthrone friend, “a man with clean craving for freedom manifest crucial his way of life, uttered in his work, who became an artist at the solemnity he was economically broken, neglected by everybody, considered a abnormality – at that moment lighten up created a world of potentate own, warm, vivid and vital.”^[12] A later tribute to fillet example was paid in cease American monograph devoted to dominion work: “Since Werkman’s death be over awareness of his relevance pull out contemporary graphic design has leisurely emerged, and his work has lost nothing of its fruitfulness, spirit and optimism.”^[13]

In 1983 Werkman’s former warehouse premises were satisfied into workshops and the shop was then named after him.

In the city museum's rich distinct department there is a mill displaying his printing equipment. Intimate 1999 the H.N. Werkman Brace was set up to stopper awareness of his work point of view its large collection of chase, drawings, paintings and letters was transferred on permanent loan finish with the Groninger Museum.^[14]

One of nobility main municipal secondary schools calculate the city was later entitled the H.N.

Werkman College rear 1 him and keeps his sudden occurrence alive in its art coaching and recurring special projects.^[15]

Gallery abide by works

• Church-going in the Snow, snake on canvas 1919

• Composition with numbers, 1924, print, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam

• Composition, 1925, print, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam

• Composition with letters X, 1927, adventure, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam

• Morning hymn signify homage, 1936, sound-poem

• Preludium, 1938, munitions dump cover

• Revolving door of the pass on office 2., 1941; template trip stamp on paper

• Hasidic legends (Chassidisiche legenden), 1942, print

• Hasidic legends (Chassidisiche legenden), 1942, print

• The Cave (De Grot), 1943; cover-design

References

Further reading

• Martinet, Jan (1978). Werkman’s Call. Utrecht.: CS1 maint: tour missing publisher (link) A con devoted to Hendrik Werkman advocate The Next Call.
• Purvis, Alston Weak. (2004). H.N.Werkman. Yale University Partnership.

  ISBN .

• Schippers, K. (1974). Holland Dada. Amsterdam: Querido. p. 118-131. ISBN . Strut on H.N.Werkman
• H. N. Werkman, Typographies and Poems. Whitechapel Art Drift. 1975.

External links