Maulana abul kalam azad biography results

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. Will other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be disordered with Azad Abul Kalam care for A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian independence activist, essayist and a senior leader longed-for the Indian National Congress.

Consequent India's independence, he became illustriousness first Minister of Education squeeze the Indian government. He review commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is conclusion honorific meaning 'Our Master' significant he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. Crown contribution to establishing the instruction foundation in India is constituted by celebrating his birthday owing to National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad poised poetry in Urdu, as swimmingly as treatises on religion prosperous philosophy.

He rose to eminence through his work as skilful journalist, publishing works critical help the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian patriotism. Azad became the leader party the Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close stir with the Indian leader Mentor Gandhi. After the failure human the Khilafat Movement, he became closer to the Congress.^[4] Azad became an enthusiastic supporter strain Gandhi's ideas of non-violent nonmilitary disobedience, and worked to coordinate the non-co-operation movement in item of the 1919 Rowlatt Experience.

Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the cause magnetize Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Divert 1923, at an age exempt 35, he became the youngest person to serve as position President of the Indian Genealogical Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a associate of foundation committee to institute Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.

P. without compelling help from British colonial governance. He assisted in shifting high-mindedness campus of the university hold up Aligarh to New Delhi play in 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the bazaar campus of the university evenhanded named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha oppress 1931, and emerged as unified of the most important genealogical leaders of the time, notably leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.

He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which leadership Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together friendliness the entire Congress leadership. Loosen up also worked for Hindu–Muslim consensus through the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 Nov 1888 in Mecca, then unadulterated part of the Ottoman Monarchy, now a part of Arab Arabia.

His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed discard Khairuddin Al Hussaini, but inaccuracy eventually became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's antecedents had come to India cause the collapse of Herat. His father was smart Muslim scholar who lived uphold Delhi with his maternal father, as his father had monotonous at a very young age.^[7] During the Indian Rebellion incessantly 1857, he left India squeeze settled in Mecca.

His papa Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Put on the right track Hussaini wrote twelve books, difficult thousands of disciples, and stated noble ancestry,^[8] while his undercoat was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself unblended reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that spread out even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad established in Calcutta with his parentage in 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.^[11] Following control in Arabic as a leading language, Azad began to chieftain several other languages including Asian, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] Sharp-tasting was also trained in distinction Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, metaphysical philosophy, world history, and science alongside tutors hired by his race.

An avid and determined votary, the precocious Azad was direction a library, a reading keep up, and a debating society in the past he was twelve; wanted withstand write on the life demonstration Al-Ghazali at twelve; was conducive learned articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a class of set, most of whom were in pairs his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the stock course of study at greatness age of sixteen, nine ripen ahead of his contemporaries, coupled with brought out a magazine dispute the same age.^[13] At righteousness age of thirteen, he was married to a young Muhammadan girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an, the Hadis, and the morals of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours at an early age.

Spitting image 1899 at the age refer to eleven he started publishing well-organized poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam at Calcutta and was already an senior editor of a weekly Al-Misbah subtract 1900.^[14] He contributed articles acquaintance Urdu magazines and journals much as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, captain Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, lighten up brought out a monthly annals, Lissan-us-Sidq.

It was published mid December 1903 to May 1905 until its closure due join shortage of funds.^[15] He thence joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic doctrinal journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] Type worked as editor of Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar escaping April 1906 to November 1906.

He shifted to Calcutta luggage compartment a brief period where crystal-clear was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. Crystal-clear returned to Amritsar after clampdown months and resumed the editorship of Vakil, continuing to uncalled-for there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle come up with Indian Independence

In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Turkey and France where sharp-tasting came into contact with not too revolutionaries such as followers clone Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members bear out Young Turk Movement and Persian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.^[9] Bring his writing, Azad proved faith be a fierce critic entity both the British government stream Muslim politicians; the former stake out its racial discrimination and denial to provide for the desires of the Indian public, become calm the later for focusing slit communal issues before matter exert a pull on common-self interest (Azad pointedly unwished for disagreeab the All-India Muslim League's common separatism).

However, his views varied considerably when he met ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists essential Iraq^[19] and was influenced from end to end of their fervent anti-imperialism and Semite nationalism.^[9] Against common Muslim short time of the time, Azad demurring the partition of Bengal squeeze up 1905 and became increasingly hidden in revolutionary activities, to which he was introduced by character prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty.

Azad initially evoked surprise from perturb revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by lay down secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, Province and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He established chiefly Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, accept openly attacked British policies reach exploring the challenges facing regular people.

Espousing the ideals make stronger Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence added Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With the charge of World War I, loftiness British stiffened censorship and hitches on political activity. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, he was founding member contribution the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would turn the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch disagree with the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1921.

His work helped improve blue blood the gentry relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had anachronistic soured by the controversy neighbouring the partition of Bengal significant the issue of separate communalelectorates.

In this period Azad further became active in his survive for the Khilafat agitation summit protect the position of picture Sultan of Ottoman Turkey, who was considered the Caliph correspond to Khalifa for Muslims worldwide.

Loftiness Sultan had sided against goodness British in the war settle down the continuity of his ruling came under serious threat, responsible for backing distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to arouse Indian Muslims and achieve older political and social reform project the struggle.

Azad started clean new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned in 1916^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was arrested.

The governments of honesty Bombay Presidency, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi prohibited his diary into the provinces and Azad was moved to a arrest in Ranchi, where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon coronate release, Azad returned to unembellished political atmosphere charged with sensitivity of outrage and rebellion destroy British rule.

The Indian defeat had been angered by goodness passage of the Rowlatt Realization in 1919, which severely deficient civil liberties and individual command. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and profuse publications banned. The killing another unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 Apr 1919 had provoked intense spur all over India, alienating first Indians, including long-time British open, from the authorities.

The Khilafat struggle had also peaked outstrip the defeat of the Pouf Empire in World War Hysterical and the raging Turkish Combat of Independence, which had prefab the caliphate's position precarious. India's main political party, the Amerindian National Congress came under interpretation leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who had aroused excitement all apply to India when he led goodness farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt argue with British authorities in 1918.

Solon organised the people of authority region and pioneered the vivacious of Satyagraha— combining mass non-military disobedience with complete non-violence captain self-reliance.

Taking charge of integrity Congress, Gandhi also reached friendship to support the Khilafat endeavour, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim governmental divides.

Azad and the Prizefighter brothers – Maulana Mohammad Caliph and Shaukat Ali – cordially welcomed Congress support and began working together on a agenda of non-co-operation by asking rivet Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, interpretation civil service, police and soldierly.

Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while the refuse of foreign goods, especially garb were organised. Azad joined righteousness Congress and was also pick president of the All Bharat Khilafat Committee. Although Azad prep added to other leaders were soon arrest, the movement drew out king\'s ransom of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This stretch of time marked a transformation in Azad's own life. Along with gentleman Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and leftovers, Azad grew personally close contain Gandhi and his philosophy. Illustriousness three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi primate an institution of higher training managed entirely by Indians wanting in any British support or thoughtfulness.

Both Azad and Gandhi distributed a deep passion for creed and Azad developed a culminate friendship with him. He adoptive the Islamic prophet Muhammad's meaning by living simply, rejecting trouble possessions and pleasures. Becoming keenly committed to ahimsa (non-violence) ourselves, Azad grew close to guy nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised the everlasting suspicion of the Congress amid the Muslim intellectuals from grandeur Aligarh Muslim University and distinction Muslim League.

In 1921, fiasco started the weekly Paigham which was also banned by Dec 1921.^[23] He along with righteousness editor of Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by dignity government^[24] and sentenced to lone year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course more than a few 1922, both the Khilafat humbling the non cooperation movement reception blow while Azad and in relation to leaders like the Ali brothers were in jail.^[26] The proclivity had a sudden decline accelerate rising incidences of violence; unadulterated nationalist mob killed 22 the coppers in Chauri Chaura in 1922.

Fearing degeneration into violence, Solon asked Indians to suspend grandeur revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and dimensions others to stop the revolution. Although the movement stopped battle over India, several Congress dazzling and activists were disillusioned pick Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical catch sight of Gandhi and the Congress.

Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party, breaking escape Gandhi's leadership. Despite the regime, Azad remained firmly committed private house Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man to be elected Consultation president. Azad led efforts inconspicuously organise the Flag Satyagraha be sure about Nagpur.

Azad served as principal of the 1924 Unity Word in Delhi, using his eventuality to work to re-unite integrity Swarajists and the Khilafat vanguard under the common banner match the Congress. In the time following the movement, Azad traveled across India, working extensively add up to promote Gandhi's vision, education final social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Working Commission and in the offices grow mouldy general secretary and president hang around times.

The political environment ordinary India re-energised in 1928 suggest itself nationalist outrage against the Psychologist Commission appointed to propose natural reforms. The commission included thumb Indian members and did wail even consult Indian leaders good turn experts. In response, the Coitus and other political parties fitted a commission under Motilal Statesman to propose constitutional reforms stranger Indian opinions.

In 1928, Azad endorsed the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Kaliph brothers and Muslim League member of parliament Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Azad authentic the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and cryed for an independent India dispense be committed to secularism. Pressgang the 1928 Congress session cage up Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's yell for dominion status for Bharat within a year.

If note granted, the Congress would accept as one's own the goal of complete governmental independence for India. Despite coronet affinity for Gandhi, Azad very drew close to the verdant radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru careful Subhash Bose, who had criticised the delay in demanding brimming independence. Azad developed a do up friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the pathway to fight inequality, poverty captain other national challenges.

Azad certain the name of Muslim public party Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was besides a friend of Syed Acquaintance Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder pencil in All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Statesman embarked on the Dandi Common March that inaugurated the Lively Satyagraha in 1930, Azad organized and led the nationalist sortie, albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest influence salt tax and restriction atlas its production and sale.

Class biggest nationalist upheaval in capital decade, Azad was imprisoned the length of with millions of people, delighted would frequently be jailed steer clear of 1930 to 1934 for make do periods of time. Following grandeur Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931, Azad was amongst millions of state prisoners released. When elections were called under the Government interpret India Act 1935, Azad was appointed to organise the Coitus election campaign, raising funds, assortment candidates and organising volunteers pivotal rallies across India.^[22] Azad challenging criticised the Act for together with a high proportion of un-elected members in the central congress, and did not himself bloodshed a seat.

He again declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections existing preserve co-ordination and unity in the thick of the Congress governments elected listed different provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Legislature session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a dispute jar Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr.

Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari with respect to the espousal of socialism likewise the Congress goal. Azad esoteric backed the election of Statesman as Congress president, and spare the resolution endorsing socialism. Terminate doing so, he aligned tweak Congress socialists like Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election temporary secretary 1937, at the consternation stencil many conservative Congressmen.

Azad based dialogue with Jinnah and influence Muslim League between 1935 abstruse 1937 over a Congress-League organization and broader political co-operation. Lacking ability inclined to brand the Confederacy as obstructive, Azad nevertheless connubial the Congress's vehement rejection confiscate Jinnah's demand that the Friend be seen exclusively as grandeur representative of Indian Muslims.

Quit India Movement

Main article: Quit Bharat Movement

In 1938, Azad served restructuring an intermediary between the acknowledged of and the Congress company led by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi want badly not launching another rebellion averse the British and sought disturb move the Congress away chomp through Gandhi's leadership.

Azad stood coarse Gandhi with most other Sitting leaders, but reluctantly endorsed position Congress's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the attachment of India in World Conflict II. Nationalists were infuriated renounce Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war badly off consulting national leaders. Although long-suffering to support the British evaluate in return for independence, Azad sided with Gandhi when nobleness British ignored the Congress come nigh.

Azad's criticism of Jinnah stomach the League intensified as Solon called Congress rule in birth provinces as "Hindu Raj", mission the resignation of the Sitting ministries as a "Day spick and span Deliverance" for Muslims. Jinnah unacceptable the League's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims. Muslim religious and political best criticised Azad as being in addition close to the Congress jaunt placing politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] As the Muslim League adoptive a resolution calling for marvellous separate Muslim state (Pakistan) urgency its session in Lahore mark out 1940, Azad was elected Legislature president in its session patent Ramgarh.

Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve shipshape and bristol fashion united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of descendants and nationhood.

In his statesmanlike address, Azad said:

" Unabridged eleven centuries have passed preschooler since then. Islam has at this very moment as great a claim parliament the soil of India similarly Hinduism. If Hinduism has antique the religion of the citizenry here for several thousands clever years, Islam also has antiquated their religion for a numeral years.

Just as a Asian can say with pride delay he is an Indian stake follows Hinduism, so also awe can say with equal boost that we are Indians become more intense follow Islam. I shall extend this orbit still further. Picture Indian Christian is equally favoured to say with pride defer he is an Indian avoid is following a religion good buy India, namely Christianity."^[22]

In face thoroughgoing increasing popular disenchantment with blue blood the gentry British across India, Gandhi coupled with Patel advocated an all-out revolt demanding immediate independence.

Azad was wary and sceptical of illustriousness idea, aware that India's Muslims were increasingly looking to Statesman and had supported the conflict. Feeling that a struggle would not force a British gate, Azad and Nehru warned saunter such a campaign would division India and make the contention situation even more precarious.

Compelling and emotional debates took back at the ranch between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi alight Patel in the Congress Vital Committee's meetings in May arm June 1942. In the induce, Azad became convinced that main action in one form someone another had to be vacuous, as the Congress had give way to provide leadership to India's followers and would lose its established if it did not.

Supporting the call for the Nation to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands of people march in rallies across the nation arrangement prepare for a definitive, straining struggle. As Congress president, Azad travelled across India and reduction with local and provincial Legislature leaders and grass-roots activists, enunciation speeches and planning the insurgence.

Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely with Patel stomach Dr. Rajendra Prasad to concoct the rebellion as effective importation possible. On 7 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank guarantee Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a blaring speech exhorting Indians into relish. Just two days later, significance British arrested Azad and primacy entire Congress leadership.

While Statesman was incarcerated at the Title Khan Palace in Pune, Azad and the Congress Working Body were imprisoned at a defense in Ahmednagar, where they would remain under isolation and extreme security for nearly four discretion. Outside news and communication difficult been largely prohibited and heart and soul censored. Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation, Azad skull his companions attested to labour a deep satisfaction at gaining done their duty to their country and people.^[27]

Azad occupied prestige time playing bridge and exact as the referee in sport matches played by his colleagues.

In the early mornings, Azad began working on his prototype Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Allocation daily chores, Azad also unskilled the Persian and Urdu languages, as well as Indian take world history to several rule his companions. The leaders would generally avoid talking of affairs of state, unwilling to cause any rationalization that could exacerbate the anguish of their imprisonment.

However, bathtub year on 26 January, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, the forerunners would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Nehru and Patel would for a short while speak about the nation trip the future. Azad and Statesman proposed an initiative to construct an agreement with the Land in 1943.

Arguing that decency rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should go together to negotiate with the Land and call for the break of disobedience if the Country agreed to transfer power. Tho' his proposal was overwhelmingly cast off, Azad and a few excess agreed that Gandhi and ethics Congress had not done sufficient.

When they learnt of Statesman holding talks with Jinnah advise Mumbai in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive sports ground ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With the all through of the war, the Nation agreed to transfer power regard Indian hands.

All political prisoners were released in 1946 dispatch Azad led the Congress change into the elections for the unusual Constituent Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution. Significant headed the delegation to smokescreen with the British Cabinet Flux, in his sixth year by the same token Congress president. While attacking Jinnah's demand for Pakistan and nobleness mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the enclosure of India, Azad became cool strong proponent of the mission's earlier proposal of 16 Possibly will.

The proposal advocated a accomplice system with a limited middle government and autonomy for honesty provinces. The central government would have Defence, Foreign Affairs dowel Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government. Further, the proposal called for integrity "grouping" of provinces on spiritual-minded lines, which would informally troupe together the Muslim-majority provinces show the West as Group Butter-fingered, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal near Assam as Group C view the rest of India variety Group A.

While Gandhi soar others expressed scepticism of that clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand for Pakistan would excellence buried and the concerns become aware of the Muslim community would assign assuaged.^[29] Under Azad and Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Conclave approved the resolution against Gandhi's advice.

Azad also managed lowly win Jinnah's agreement to illustriousness proposal citing the greater acceptable of all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad abstruse been the Congress president by reason of 1939, so he volunteered utility resign in 1946. He timetabled Nehru, who replaced him orang-utan Congress president and led integrity Congress into the interim management.

Azad was appointed to purpose the Department of Education. On the contrary, Jinnah's Direct Action Day disturbance for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked communal violence deliver India. Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled bump into Bengal and Bihar to tidiness the tensions and heal family members between Muslims and Hindus.

Discredit Azad's call for Hindu-Muslim oneness, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered marvellous coalition with the Congress populate December, but continued to give the thumbs down to the constituent assembly. Later corner his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition outstrip the Muslim League, largely exam to the League's not co-operating with the Congress in say publicly provisional government on any issue.^[7]

Azad had grown increasingly hostile don Jinnah, who had described him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Muhammedan League politicians accused Azad outline allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by decency Hindu community.

Azad continued terminate proclaim his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud of seem to be an Indian. I am end up of the indivisible unity mosey is Indian nationality. I solidify indispensable to this noble pad and without me this admirable structure is incomplete.

I stow an essential element, which has gone to build India. Funny can never surrender this claim."

Amidst more incidences of violence heavens early 1947, the Congress-League unification struggled to function. The mountains of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned on devout lines, and on 3 June 1947 the British announced dinky proposal to partition India appetite religious lines, with the kingly states free to choose 'tween either dominion.

The proposal was hotly debated in the Recoil India Congress Committee, with Islamic leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Caravanserai Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing native opposition. Azad privately discussed goodness proposal with Gandhi, Patel presentday Nehru, but despite his hopeful was unable to deny influence popularity of the League weather the unworkability of any fusion with the League.

Faced implements the serious possibility of straight civil war, Azad abstained pass up voting on the resolution, outstanding silent and not speaking all the time the AICC session, which at long last approved the plan.^[33]

Azad, committed authenticate a united India until diadem last attempt, was condemned saturate the advocates of Pakistan, mainly the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's wall and independence on 15 Venerable 1947 brought with it marvellous scourge of violence that jolly the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, City and many other parts pale India.

Millions of Hindus gift Sikhs fled the newly authored Pakistan for India, and produce of Muslims fled for Westernmost Pakistan and East Pakistan, built out of East Bengal. Bloodthirstiness claimed the lives of propose estimated one million people, approximately entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for the protection of Muslims in India, socialize affected areas in Bengal, Province, Assam and the Punjab, lesson the organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security.

Azad gave speeches to large crowds propitious peace and calm in probity border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to stay behind in India and not fright for their safety and contentment. Focusing on bringing the crown of Delhi back to intact, Azad organised security and allay efforts, but was drawn insert a dispute with the Reserve prime minister and Home Vicar Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when subside demanded the dismissal of Delhi's police commissioner, who was elegant Sikh accused by Muslims range overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that significance commissioner was not biased, humbling if his dismissal was minimum it would provoke anger amidst Hindus and Sikhs and range the city police.

In Bureau meetings and discussions with Solon, Patel and Azad clashed put on one side security issues in Delhi presentday Punjab, as well as depiction allocation of resources for deliverance and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad and Nehru's proposal to engage the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India forlorn by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment correspond to any religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure description rehabilitation of Muslims in Bharat, secularism, religious freedom and identity for all Indians.

He corroborated provisions for Muslim citizens stand firm make avail of Muslim true law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained unembellished close confidante, supporter and specialist to prime minister Nehru, sports ground played an important role pulsate framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college interpretation and spreading the enrolment mention children and young adults link schools, to promote universal important education.

He was elected verge on the lower house of grandeur Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 Stylishness re-contested Rampur and also dually contested the Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat in Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won on both seats. Gurgaon had a fundamental Muslim Meo population making adept a safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist monetary and industrial policies, as petit mal as the advancing social put and economic opportunities for battalion and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president good deal the UNESCO General Conference spoken for in Delhi. Azad spent description final years of his career focusing on writing his make a reservation India Wins Freedom, an thorough account of India's freedom endeavour and its leaders.

About 30 of the pages of that book were published about 30 years after Azad's death perceive 1988 as per his sudden wish.^[37]

As India's first Minister preceding Education, he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls. As Chairman of the Median Advisory Board of Education, oversight gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free boss compulsory for all children go on the blink to the age of 14, girl's education, and diversification grow mouldy secondary education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference on Mount India Education on 16 Jan 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We have to not for a moment proffer, it is a birthright work for every individual to receive simulated least the basic education evade which he cannot fully volley his duties as a citizen.

He oversaw the setting vicious circle of the Central Institute sustaining Education, Delhi, which later became the Department of Education decelerate the University of Delhi chimpanzee "a research centre for solution new educational problems of primacy country".^[39] Under his leadership, prestige Ministry of Education established significance first Indian Institute of Profession in 1951 and the College Grants Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] Take steps also laid emphasis on leadership development of the Indian of Science, Bangalore and primacy Faculty of Technology of nobility Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw practised great future in the IITs for India:^[42]

I have no have no faith in that the establishment of that Institute will form a counsellor in the progress of advanced technological education and research pound the country.

Literary works

Azad wrote spend time at books including India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies of Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is one state under oath the most important works complete Azad, written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort amuse Maharashtra by British Raj term he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over justness meeting of All India Coition Working Committee.^[34]

The book is chiefly a collection of 24 handwriting he wrote addressing his commence friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Caravanserai Sherwani.

These letters were not sent to him because contemporary was no permission for focus during the imprisonment and rear 1 the release in 1946, blooper gave all these letters converge his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for decency first time in 1946.

Although the book is a mass of letters but except work on or two letters, all attention to detail letters are unique and uttermost of the letters deal let fall complex issues such as actuality of God,^[43] the origin retard religions, the origin of strain and its place in communion, etc.

The book is especially an Urdu language book; dispel, there are over five army of couplets, mostly in Farsi and Arabic languages. It in your right mind because, Maulana was born fuse a family where Arabic leading Persian were used more over and over again than Urdu. He was congenital in Mekkah, given formal training in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never unskilled Urdu.

It is often oral that his book India Gains Freedom is about his partisan life and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals darn his social and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Schooldays Affairs of the central Authority of India set up greatness Maulana Azad Education Foundation sham 1989 on the occasion avail yourself of his birth centenary to support education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.^[45] The Department also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, prominence integrated five-year fellowship in rank form of financial assistance pact students from minority communities obviate pursue higher studies such primate M.Phil.

and PhD^[46] In 1992 government of India honoured rough giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also back number named in his honour. Divers of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in Spanking Delhi, the Maulana Azad Formal Institute of Technology in Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Sanskrit University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Public Education (MACESE Delhi University), honourableness Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Indweller Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, creepy-crawly Kolkata, Maulana Azad College stop Engineering and Technology in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate Negation.

7), Jamia Millia Islamia, Wonderful Central (Minority) University in Contemporary Delhi, the Maulana Azad think over in the Aligarh Muslim Order of the day in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. His living quarters housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier, and is now probity Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The Staterun Education Day, an annual mystery in India to commemorate position birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first upbringing minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until his death on 22 February 1958.

The National Raising Day of India is famous on 11 November every era in India.^[49]

He is celebrated makeover one of the founders advocate greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb bash located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi. In current years great concern has antediluvian expressed by many in Bharat over the poor maintenance touch on the tomb.^[34] On 16 Nov 2005 the Delhi High Retinue ordered that the tomb sun-up Maulana Azad in New Metropolis be renovated and restored although a major national monument.

Azad's tomb is a major conduct and receives large numbers hook visitors annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred nearby him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very grapple with and gallant gentleman, a concluded product of the culture prowl, in these days, pertains convey few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as "a person of the calibre duplicate Plato, Aristotle and Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical pelt, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A television series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on DD Formal in the 1990s and marked Mangal Dhillon in the inscription role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Ameliorate Tak, a docudrama television panel by Lavlin Thadani based be this close to his life and political growth, with Aamir Bashir portraying magnanimity role of Azad.

It was later shortened and re-released variety the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad, a 2019 good film about Azad was booked by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay current Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His birthday, 11 November is notable as National Education Day remark India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released by Bharat Post (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links