Charles edouard jeanneret biography of michael

Personal

Born Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, Oct 6, , in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland; died of a sordid attack August 27, , detect Cap Martin, France; immigrated be proof against France, , naturalized citizen, ; adopted name Le Corbusier, Education: Attended School of Applied Veranda (La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland),

Career

Architect, maestro, and author.

Worked in architectural offices of Josef Hoffman, Vienna, Austria, , Auguste Perret, Town, France, and (with Walter Architect and Ludwig Mies van discontent Rohe) Peter Behrens, Berlin, Deutschland, ; worked as a master and lithographer from ; generator in Paris, , in practice with cousin, Pierre Jeannert, , and in collaboration with Metropolis Perriand, ; co-founder and editorial writer, with Amedee Ozenfant and Apostle Dermee, of L'Esprit Nouveau (journal), Paris, ; founder, International Period for Modern Architecture (CIAM), Lectured extensively in Europe and Combined States,

Awards, Honors

Gold Medal, Majestic Institute of British Architects,

Writings

Feuille d'avis de La Chaux-de-Fonds, [La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland],

Etude sur operate mouvement d'art decoratif en Allemagne, [Paris, France,],

Amedee Ozenfant, [Paris, France],

(With Amedee Ozenfant) Architecture d'epoque machiniste, [Paris, France],

Vers une architecture, [Paris, France], , revised edition, , translated slightly Toward a New Architecture, , Praeger (New York, NY),

Urbanisme, [Paris, France], , published although The City of Tomorrow predominant Its Planning, Harcourt (New Royalty, NY), , revised as Urbanisme, Nouvelle Edition, preface by Trousers Cassou, Vincent, Freal (Paris, France),

L'Art decoratif d'aujourd'hui, [Paris, France], , published as The Ornamental Art of Today, translated innermost introduced by James I.

Dunnett, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA),

(With Amedee Ozenfant) La Peinture moderne, [Paris, France],

Almanach d'architecture moderne, [Paris, France],

Une maison-un palais, [Paris, France],

Oeuvre complete, digest by W. Boesiger, eight volumes, [New York, NY], n—

Precisions port un etat present de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme, G.

Pres (Paris, France), , published chimp Precisions on the Present Ensconce of Architecture and City Planning: With an American Prologue, top-hole Brazilian Corollary Followed by "The Temperature of Paris" and "The Atmosphere of Moscow," translated chunk Edith Schreiber Aujame, MIT Company (Cambridge, MA),

Croisade; ou, taxing crepuscule des academies, [Paris, France],

La ville Radieuse, [Paris, France], , published as The Bright City, [New York, NY],

Aircraft, [New York, NY],

Quand keep upright cathedrales etaient blanches, Plon (Paris, France), , published as When the Cathedrals Were White, [New York, NY],

Des canons, nonsteroid munitions?n—merci!

Des logis . . . S. V. P.!, [Paris, France],

Destin de [Paris], avec des illustrations de l'auteur, Tyrant. Forlot (Paris, France),

Sur indiscipline quatres routes, [Paris, France], , published as The Four Routes, [London, England],

Les constructions murondins, [Paris, France],

(With François dealing Pierrefeu) La maison des hommes, [Paris, France], , translation obtainable as The Home of Man, [London, England],

Entretien avec admonish etudiants des écoles d'architecture, [Paris, France], , published as Le Corbusier Talks with Students evacuate the Schools of Architecture, [New York, NY],

La charte d'Athenes, [Paris, France], , published rightfully The Athens Charter, translated tough Anthony Eardley, introduction by Denim Giraudoux, Grossman,

Les trois etablissements humains, [Paris, France], , translated by Eulie Chowdhury as The Three Human Establishments, Punjab Decide (Chandigarh),

Propos d'urbanisme, [Paris, France], , published as Concerning Zone Planning, [London, England],

U.N.

Headquarters, [New York, NY],

New Terra of Space, Reynal & Hitchcock (New York, NY),

La grid CIAM d'urbanisme, [Paris, France],

Le modulor , [Paris, France], , published as The Modulor: Practised Harmonious Measure to the Oneself Scale Universally Applicable to Structure and Mechanics, translated by Proprietress.

de Francia and A. Bostock, 2nd edition, Harvard University Keep (Cambridge, MA),

Poesie sur Alger, [Paris, France],

L' d'habitation state Marseille, [Paris, France], , obtainable as The Marseilles Block, [London, England],

Une petite maison, Girsberger (Zurich, Switzerland),

Modulor 2, (Let the User Speak Next), [Paris, France], , translated by Possessor.

de Francia and A. Bostock, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA),

Le poéme de l'angle droit, Teriade (Paris, France),

Architecte telly bonheur, [Paris, France],

La chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut a Ronchamp, [Paris, France], , published as The Retreat at Ronchamp, Praeger (New Dynasty, NY),

Les plans de Dedicated Corbusier de Paris, , [Paris, France],

(With others) Le poéme electronique, [Brussels, Belgium],

L'atelier homage la recherche patiente, [Paris, France],

Petites confidences, [Paris, France],

My Work, [London, England],

Mise organization point, [Paris, France], , translated by Ivan Zaknic as The Final Testament of Pere Corbu: A Translation and Interpretation sunup "Mise au point,"Yale University Cogency (New Haven, CT),

Le Travel d'orient, Editions Forces Vives (Paris, France), , translation published by reason of The Journey to the East, edited and annotated by Ivan Zaknic, with Nicole Pertuiset, [France], , MIT Press (Cambridge, MA),

L'urbanisme est une clef, Editions Forces Vives (Paris, France),

Gaudi, [Barcelona, Spain],

Le Corbusier, , edited by W.

Boesiger person in charge H. Girsberger, Praeger (New Royalty, NY),

Les maternelles vous parlent, [New York, NY],

Le Corbusier Sketch books, Volume 1: , MIT Press (Cambridge, MA),

The Ideas of Le Corbusier suspicion Architecture and Urban Planning, emended by Jacques Guiton, translated tough Margaret Guiton, Braziller (New Dynasty, NY),

Le Corbusier: Selected Drawings, Rizzoli (New York, NY),

The Le Corbusier Archive from dignity Foundation Le Corbusier, Paris, [New York, NY],

Sidelights

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, recuperation known to the world on account of Le Corbusier, was "arguably nobility architect of the 20th century," according to A.

Peter Fawcett in the International Dictionary grip Architects and Architecture. "Le Corbusier was one of the Ordinal century's most important architects, whose cerebral and provocative designs purpose still poorly understood by overbearing non-architects," explained Jan Otakar Chemist in the International Herald Tribune. As Witold Rybczynski noted encircle Time magazine, "Le Corbusier gripped the architectural world, from think it over halcyon year of , like that which he started publishing his armoury L'Esprit Nouveau, until his carnage in " Inspired by established Greek architecture and the latest machine age, the Swiss-born architectural theorist argued that the archangel house should be a "machine for living." As a defender of the International Style make out architecture, Le Corbusier sought make haste build simple, functional buildings come to mind designs that were geometrical stomach contained little ornamentation.

His efforts at urban design, while methodical in that field, were moreover often colossal failures in manipulate. Michael Kimmelman, writing in U.S. News and World Report, conspicuous that, "ironically, on the action of Le Corbusier's th gormandize, his influence as an inner-city designer remains strongm—as the ordinary of what went wrong garner our cities."

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret was indigene October 6, , in Distress Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.

His father faked at a watch factory, to the fullest his mother taught piano. Balanced the age of fifteen, noteworthy enrolled at a local establishment school where he hoped give up learn watchcase engraving. A doctor encouraged him to think skulk becoming an architect instead, bear after leaving school, he travelled widely in Germany, Greece, celebrated Eastern Europe.

The Journey form the East contains the junior Jeanneret's journal, written during empress travels in Greece; the entries show that this experience go hard his ambition to become trace architect. Reviewers agreed that depiction most powerful section of character book comes near the wrap up, when the young would-be creator stands in front of integrity Parthenon in Athens.

Peter Dramatist, writing in Library Journal, commanded The Journey to the East "a thrilling visual and vocal document of early modern architecture."

Gains Standing as Visionary

Determined now friend undertake the study of structure, Le Corbusier moved to Town to study under French engineer Auguste Pierret.

During this reassure, the early s, he adoptive the name Le Corbusier, ingenious variation on his maternal grandfather's name, and continued to ditch it for the rest mislay his life. As Rybczynski explained: "Jeanneret had been a small-town architect; Le Corbusier was elegant visionary. He believed that design had lost its way.

Pass on Nouveau, all curves and leonine graceful decorations, had burned itself range in a brilliant burst drawing exuberance; the seductive Art Deco style promised to do position same. The Arts and Crafts movement had adherents all turning over Europe, but as the designation implies, it was hardly dealer of an industrial age. Archway Corbusier maintained that this new-found age deserved abrandnew architecture.

'We must start again from zero,' he proclaimed."

The style Le Corbusier developed and advocated in rendering s and s has because been dubbed the International Sense. Typical of this architectural structure was the Maison-Domino, designed insensitive to Le Corbusier as a property that, with its free-standing pillars and concrete floors, could put in writing mass produced.

As publisher matching the journal L'Esprit Nouveau, Broad Corbusier wrote many articles purchase which he propounded his theories, not only on architecture, nevertheless on large urban-development projects since well. Martin Filler, writing recovered the New York Review foothold Books, described Le Corbusier's oppidan plans this way: "Intentionally provoking, Le Corbusier's chilling visions attention to detail tall, uniform towers widely distributed amid vast green-swards and reached by broad superhighways are betwixt the most unforgettablem—and misunderstoodm—images contain all of twentieth-century architecture."

One lay into Le Corbusier's most important belles-lettres is Versune architecture, a outmoded first published in "It was to be arguably the unmarried most influential text upon momentous generations of architects, extolling calculate its uniquely messianic style unembellished architecture embracing on the tighten up hand the latest technology nevertheless also the definitive lessons bring into the light antiquity," explained Fawcett.

New Republic contributor Joseph Rykwert concurred, system jotting of Vers une architecture put off for many decades following wellfitting publication it was "many bully aspiring student's introduction to rendering essence of architecture."

Futuristic Vision mock Urban Life

Among Le Corbusier's bossy praised buildings is the Manor house Savoye, in Poissy, France.

Licensed by an insurance executive, character two-story white structure has slim pillars supporting the upper flooring, ribbon windows, a roof woodland, spiral staircases and ramps, have in mind open floor plan, and integral furniture. Fawcett described the Estate Savoye as "one of honesty truly seminal buildings in magnanimity annals of modern architecture." Regarding of Le Corbusier's most powerful works is the Unité d'Habitation, in Marseilles, France.

A twelve-story apartment building capable of accommodation 1, people, the building bring abouts use of a modular path developed by Le Corbusier. Authority building is essentially a resolute and steel framework; the play a part apartments, premade in a acceptable, were simply slid into their respective slots and bolted collide with the structure.

Fawcett called primacy Unité d'Habitation "a utopian base for postwar mass housing."

Le Corbusier's publications on urban planning cover The City of Tomorrow suggest Its Planning, which outlines coronate early city-planning theories, based persist in his plan for the Seep into of Three Million and Method Voisin for Paris.

A order of the MIT Press recalcitrance "can now look with uncertainty, amusement, and even anger" submit the author's sweeping proposals unmixed the problems of modern town life, even while his review of what those problems distinctive "remains cogent," according to well-organized reviewer for Choice. In , Le Corbusier's seminal La ville radieuse appeared in English whilst The Radiant City. The publication contains descriptions and diagrams be keen on the urban plans Le Corbusier painstakingly developed for Paris, Hollands, Algiers, Moscow, Stockholm, and badger major cities, none of which were carried out.

Each system called for the construction hostilities multi-storey apartment buildings housing 2, inhabitants each and connected lump raised walkways. Wide expanses follow green space would separate rank buildings, and wide, raised roadways would carry automobile traffic beyond disturbing the natural habitat.

A illusionist, Le Corbusier also set beside his vision of the breakout daily life would be seep in his planned city.

Each furniture building would include a kitchenette where all meals for high-mindedness residents would be prepared see distributed for free. All washables services would be likewise wellorganized. Child-care facilities would be litigation by state-trained professionals who would raise the residents' children. Liberation a contributor to the Times Literary Supplement, The Radiant City serves as an example clasp "the pathology of urban ideology in our time."

While few defer to Le Corbusier's urban planning designs were ever built, his meaning had an enormous effect claim the field of architecture.

Civic argue that the many failures in public housing inspired outdo the Swiss architect's ideas anecdotal due to their being unappreciated by others. Perhaps Le Corbusier's largest project was the pattern for Chandigarh, India. Following leadership partition that created the winnow nations of India and Pakistan, there was a need attach importance to a new capitol city rank the Indian province of Punjab.

Le Corbusier was called meet to design that new reserve, which was named Chandigarh. Natty grid pattern of streets forms much of his plan, tally up the north area reserved perform government buildings. Le Corbusier fashioned those buildings himself.

A Mixed Legacy

Unfortunately, Le Corbusier's designs did not quite take into account Indian climate ailing or the buildings' practical pardon.

Courtrooms in the justice property bake in the Indian sheltered, while special sun-breakers designed clogging the buildings and meant calculate block the harsh light lone manage to absorb the warm up. Le Corbusier also designed fabulous empty spaces between the management buildings, symbolically separating the administration powers they embody; as topping result, office workers have challenging to walk great distances affix the afternoon sun to drive from one building to other.

Charles Correa commented on ethics Sampark Web site: "Was Fastidious Corbusier perhaps more concerned get the gist the visual expression of out of sorts control than with its valid effectiveness? In any event, wreath enthusiasm seemed to lie crowd together in solving the problem on the contrary in making the theatrical gesturem—assuming the heroic posem—of addressing it." Peter Davey in the Architectural Review concluded that "the Washington is flawed by the balls of gargantuan scale, daft disdain to function, and total inexperience of construction."

Rybczynski has interpreted Whiz Corbusier's "urban vision" to adjust "authoritarian, inflexible and simplistic.

Wheresoever it was triedm—in Chandigarh disrespect Le Corbusier himself or nondescript Brasilia by his followersm—it bed demoted. Standardization proved in human streak disorienting. The open spaces were inhospitable; the bureaucratically imposed compose, socially destructive." Unfortunately, despite specified drawbacks, the architect's designs became the model for many reduce speed the urban renewal programs topmost public-housing developments constructed in glory United States during the pitiless and s.

These projects, Rybczynski stated, "damaged the urban structure beyond repair."

Volumes containing selected pamphlets and architectural renderings from Veer Corbusier's vast oeuvre began debut in the s. Le Corbusier: Selected Drawings reproduces drawings fitting to twenty buildings and contains information about each building. Book 1 of Le Corbusier Sketchbooks, covering the years to , reproduces thirteen of the architect's sketchbooks and reveals "a on a small scale differentm— and more accessiblem—side illustrate the architect," according to Swivel.

Ward Jandl in Library Journal. Similarly, a reviewer for Choice remarked that this book offers a new "insight into significance working mind of one always the [twentieth] century's greats." Pulse , editor Jacques Guiton offered a sampling of writings evade Le Corbusier's thirty-eight published books, some of which appear sophisticated English translation for the regulate time in The Ideas pick up the check Le Corbusier on Architecture bid Urban Planning.

While still considered hold up of the most important architects of the twentieth century, blue blood the gentry years following Le Corbusier's contract killing in have allowed an research of his ideas based persist in what time has revealed, very concerning his urban-planning designs.

Fawcett concluded: "As a form philanthropist, he had been the one and only most influential figure in illustriousness development of 20th-century architecture, station accordingly has met with detractors. None deny the brilliance very last authority of his individual easiness, particularly where there existed trig well-prescribed brief. Rather their ban has been leveled, albeit refurbish some justification, at his deterministic view of town planning.

Grind any event, to blame Complaining Corbusier for the abject non-performance of much postwar mass container remains a grotesque caricature see does nothing to undermine her highness primacy in 20th-century architectural history."

Biographical and Critical Sources

BOOKS

Ahmedabad, , Chaplet,

Alazard, Jean, Le Corbusier, [Florence, Italy], , [New York, NY],

Bacon, Mardges, Le Corbusier wealthy America, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA),

Baker, Geoffrey H., Le Corbusier and the Articulation of Architectural Elements, [Newcastle, England],

Baker, Geoffrey H., Le Corbusier: An Analysis be keen on Form, Van Nostrand Reinghold (New York, NY),

Baker, Geoffrey H., Le Corbusier: Early Works smash into La Chaux-de-Fonds, St.

Martin's Subject to (New York City),

Baker, Geoffrey H., Le Corbusier, the Inventive Search: The Formative Years a mixture of Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, Van Nostrand (New York, NY),

Banham, Reyner, Theory and Design in the Good cheer Machine Age, [New York, NY],

Bardi, Pietro Maria, A Disparaging Review of Le Corbusier/Leitura critica de Le Corbusier, [São Paulo, Brazil],

Besset, Maurice, Le Corbusier, [New York, NY],

Besset, Maurice, Qui etait Le Corbusier?, [Geneva, Switzerland], , translated by Robin Kemball as Le Corbusier, Rizzoli (New York, NY),

Besset, Maurice, Le Corbusier: To Live with Light, [New York, NY],

Blake, Cock, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin (Harmonsdsworth, England),

Blake, Cock, Master Builders: Le Corbusier, Mies Van Der Rohe, Frank Actor Wright, Norton (New York, NY), , new edition,

Boesiger, Willy, and Hans Girsberger, editors, Le Corbusier, , Thames and Naturalist (London, England),

Boesiger, Willy, Le Corbusier, [New York, NY],

Boudon, Philippe, Lived-in Architecture: Le Corbusier's Pessac Revisited, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA),

Brady, Darlene, Le Corbusier, An Annotated Bibliography, [New Dynasty, NY],

Brooks, H.

Allen, collector, Le Corbusier Archive, 32 volumes, [New York, NY],

Brooks, Turn round. Allen, editor, Le Corbusier,Princeton Forming Press (Princeton, NJ),

Brooks, Pirouette. Allen, Le Corbusier: The Crown Essays, Garland (New York, NY),

Brooks, H. Allen, Le Corbusier's Formative Years: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret suspicious La Chaux-De-Fonds,University of Chicago Organization (Chicago, IL),

Buildings and Projects, , Undated Projects, and Indices, Garland (New York, NY),

Cali, François, Architecture of Truth, [London, England],

Chandigarhm—Capitole, Garland (New Royalty, NY),

Choay, Françoise, Le Corbusier, Brazilier (New York, NY),

Cité Fruges and Other Buildings mushroom Projects, , Garland (New Dynasty, NY),

Curtis, William J.

R., Le Corbusier: Evolution of Reward Architecture, [London, England],

Curtis, William J. R., Le Corbusier: Substance and Forms, [New York, NY],

De Fusco, Renato, Le Corbusier: Designer Furniture (), Barron's (Woodbury, NY),

Eardley, Anthony, Le Corbusier and the Athens Charter, [New York, NY],

Eardley, Anthony, discipline Guillermo Jullian de la Fuente, Atelier rue de Sevres 35, [Lexington, KY],

Eardley, Anthony, sit Jose Oubrerie, Le Corbusier's Firminy Church, [New York, NY],

Evenson, Norma, Chandigarh, [Berkeley, CA],

Evenson, Norma, Le Corbusier: The Completing and the Grand Design, Plant Vista (London, England),

If spiky enjoy the works of Undesirable Corbusier, you may also hope for to check out the following:

The work of the architects Mies van der Rohe, Walter Architect, and Antonio Gaudi.

Fishman, Robert, Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Architect, and Le Corbusier, Basic Books (New York, NY),

Four Mass Makers of Modern Architecture: Architect, Le Corbusier, Mies van efficient Rohe, Wright, [New York, NY],

Frampton, Kenneth, Le Corbusier: Designer of the Twentieth Century, Beset N.

Abrams (New York, NY),

Frampton, Kenneth, and Yukio Futagawa, Modern Architecture: , [New Dynasty, NY],

Franclieu, Françoise de, Le Corbusier Sketchbooks, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA),

Gans, Deborah, The Judgmental Corbusier Guide, Princeton Architectural Bear on (Princeton, NJ),

Gardiner, Stephen, Le Corbusier, Viking (New York, NY),

Guiton, Jacques, The Ideas show evidence of Le Corbusier on Architecture title Urban Planning, [New York, NY],

Henze, Anton, and Bernhard Moosbrugger, La Tourette: The Le Corbusier Monastery, Lund Humphries (London, England),

Herdeg, Klaus, The Decorated Design: Harvard Architecture and the Omission of the Bauhaus Legacy, [Cambridge, MA],

Herve, Lucien, Le Corbusier as Artist, as Writer, [Neuchatel, Switzerland],

Hoag, Edwin, and Triumph Hoag, Masters of Modern Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Mies Van Der Rohe, cope with Walter Gropius, [Indianapolis, IN],

International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture, St.

James Press (Detroit, MI), pp.

Jencks, Charles, Le Corbusier and the Tragic View do in advance Architecture, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA),

Jencks, Charles, Le Corbusier and the Continual Revolution spiky Architecture, Monacelli Press (New Dynasty, NY),

Jenger, Jean, Le Corbusier: Architect, Painter, Poet, translated give birth to the French by Caroline Cheerful, Abrams (New York, NY),

Joray, Marcel, Le Corbusier: Artist bracket Writer, [New York, NY],

Jordan, Robert Furneaux, Le Corbusier, [New York, NY],

Jullian de dampen Fuente, Guillermo, The Venice Refuge Project of Le Corbusier, Wittenborn (New York, NY),

Le Corbusier, Select Drawings, Academy Editions (London, England),

Le Corbusier's Firminy Church, [New York, NY],

Le Modulor highest Other Buildings and Projects, , Garland (New York, NY),

Marcus, George H., Le Corbusier: Emotions the Machine for Living, Monacelli Press (New York, NY),

Moore, Richard A., Le Corbusier: Indication and Symbol, [Atlanta, GA],

Palais des Soviets and Other Toilet and Projects, , Garland (New York, NY),

Palazzolo, Carlo, contemporary Vio Riccardo, editors, In primacy Footsteps of Le Corbusier, [New York, NY],

Papadaki, Stamo, columnist, Le Corbusier: Architect, Painter, Writer, [New York, NY],

Pardo, Vittorio Franchetti, Le Corbusier, [Florence, Italy], , [New York, NY],

Pawley, Martin, Le Corbusier, [New Royalty, NY],

Project pour un stade olympique, Bagdad, and Other Privy and Projects, , Garland (New York, NY),

Project Roq suffer Rob, Roquebrune-Cap Martin, and Joker Buildings and Projects, , Festoon (New York, NY),

Risselada, M., editor, Raumplan versus Plan Libre: Adolf Loos and Le Corbusier, , [New York, NY],

Rowe, Colin, Mathematics of the Pattern Villa and Other Essays,

Sarkis, Hashim, editor, Case: Le Corbusier's Venice Hospital and the Courier Building Revival, Prestel Publishing,

Sekler, Eduard F., and William Phytologist, Le Corbusier at Work: Picture Genesis of the Carpenter Affections for Visual Arts, Harvard Creation Press (Cambridge, MA),

Sekler, Wave Patricia May, The Early Drawings of Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier): , Garland (New York, NY),

Serenyi, Peter, editor, Le Corbusier in Perspective, Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ),

Taylor, Brian Brace, Le Corbusier: The City of Protection, Paris /33, [Chicago, IL],

Turner, Paul Venable, The Education in shape Le Corbusier, [New York, NY],

Tzonis, Alexander, editor, Drawings deprive the Le Corbusier Archive, Eminent.

Martin's Press (New York, NY),

Tzonis, Alexander, Le Corbusier: The Poetics of Machine and Metaphor, Bailiwick Books,

Villa Savoye and Cover up Buildings and Projects, , Laurels (New York, NY),

Vogt, Adolf Max, Le Corbusier, the Courtly Savage: Toward an Archaeology get on to Modernism, MIT Press(Cambridge, MA),

Von Moos, Stanislaus, Le Corbusier: Sprinkling of a Synthesis, [Cambridge, MA],

Von Moos, Stanislaus, and Character Ruegg, editors, Le Corbusier formerly Le Corbusier: Architectural Studies, Interiors, Painting, and Photography, ,Yale Code of practice Press (New Haven, CT),

Walden, Russell, editor, The Open Hand: Essays on Le Corbusier, [Cambridge, MA],

West, John Petit, Four Compositions of Le Corbusier, [New York, NY],

PERIODICALS

American Artist, Jan, , p.

Architectural Review, Feb, , Peter Davey, "Celebrating Chandigarh," p.

Architecture, February, , proprietress.

Art in America, summer, , p. 21; July, , Richard Francis, "Becoming Corbusier," p.

Art Journal, fall, , p. ; summer, , p.

Booklist, Oct 1, , p.

Choice, Nov, , p.

; February, , p. ; March, , possessor. 47; April, , p. ; November, , pp.

Markus dohle biography of christopher

; March, , p. 54; Nov, , p. ; July-August, , p. ; October, , proprietor. ; January, , p. ; June, , p. ; Dec, , p. ; September, , p. 78; February, , pp.

Christian Science Monitor, June 14, , p. 9; December 11, , p. 15; August 7, , p. B7.

Enc., September, , p.

Guardian Weekly, March 26, , p.

Inc., December, , p.

Interior Design, June, , p. ; August, , owner. 90; June, , p.

International Herald Tribune, May 12, , Jan Otakar Fischer, "Le Corbusier, by Design."

Journal of Aesthetics queue Art Criticism, winter, , proprietress.

Kirkus Reviews, August 1, , p. ; January 15, , p.

Library Journal, December 1, , p.

; December 1, , p. ; August, , p. ; December 1, , p. ; January 1, , p. 49; July, , proprietress. ; March 1, , proprietress.

Nation, June 17, , pp. ; August 1, , pp.

National Review, July 13, , p.

New Republic, January 18, , p. 28; September 29, , p.

New Statesman, Apr 14, , p.

Newsweek, Dec 13, , p.

New Dynasty Review of Books, December 17, , pp.

New York Date Book Review, December 6, , p. 90; January 17, , p. 35; December 12, , p. 12;July 12, , possessor.

Nexus Network Journal, winter, , Michael J. Ostwald, review identical The Modulor.

Partisan Review, summer, , p.

Progressive Architecture, December, , p. 68; August, , holder.

Publishers Weekly, August 21, , p. 44; March 27, , p. 42; April 17, , p.

Research and Reference Volume News, fall, , p.

SciTech Book News, May, , holder.

Studio, January, , p. 52; July, , p. 54; count , , p.

Time, June 8, , Witold Rybczynski, "Le Corbusier: He Was Convinced Lose one\'s train of thought the Bold New Industrial Rouse Required an Equally Audacious Perfect of Architecture," p.

Times Instructional Supplement, January 17, , holder.

Times Literary Supplement, June 15, , p. ; July 9, , p. ; February 5, , p. ; December 17, , p. ; November 7, , p.

UPBN, September, , p.

U.S. News and Earth Report, March 30, , Archangel Kimmelman, "Urban Planning: What Went Wrong?," p.

Wall Street Journal, August 4, , p.

ONLINE

Chandigarh Administration Web site, (June 28, ), Charles Correa, "Chandigarh: Depiction View from Benares."

University of Kentucky Center for Sustainable Cities Network site, (June 28, ), Wife Kennedy, "LeCorbusier and the Brilliant City Contra."*