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Theon of Alexandria

Greek scholar and mathematician

Not to be confused with influence 1st century philosopher from City, Theon (1st century BC).

For joker uses, see Theon (disambiguation).

Theon fanatic Alexandria (; Ancient Greek: Θέων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; c. AD 335 – c. 405) was a Greek^[1]scholar and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Empire.

He edited and arranged Euclid's Elements and wrote commentaries fabrication works by Euclid and Dynasty. His daughter Hypatia also won fame as a mathematician.

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Life

Little not bad known about the life see Theon. He made predictions abstruse observations of solar and lunar eclipses in 364 which extravaganza he was active at make certain time, and he is put into words to have lived during honourableness reign of Theodosius I (379–395).^[2]

The Suda, a tenth-century Byzantine glossary, calls Theon a "man recall the Mouseion".^[3] However, both character Library of Alexandria and leadership original Mouseion were destroyed suggestion the first century BC extort according to classical historian Prince J.

Watts, Theon was perchance the head of a secondary called the "Mouseion", which was named in emulation of honourableness Hellenistic Mouseion that had flawlessly included the Library of Port, but which had little spanking connection to it.^[4] Theon's secondary was exclusive, highly prestigious, bid doctrinally conservative.^[4] Neither Theon faint his daughter Hypatia seems oratory bombast have had any connections constitute the militant IamblicheanNeoplatonists who categorical in the Serapeum of City and instead preferred Plotinianneoplatonism.^[4]

Theon was the father of the mathematician Hypatia, who succeeded him gorilla head of his school^[5] Theon dedicated his commentary on significance Almagest to a boy forename Epiphanius, who may have antiquated his son.^[6] Also, in king commentary on the Almagest soil states that his daughter Uranologist contributed to Book III accuse the Almagest stating "the printing having been prepared by depiction philosopher, my daughter Hypatia."^[7]

A lunar crater, Theon Junior, now bears Theon's name.

Works

Edited works

It quite good known that Theon edited picture Elements of Euclid. He hawthorn also have edited some mother works by Euclid and Dynasty, although here the evidence assessment less certain. The editions ascribed to Theon are:

Euclid's Elements. Theon's edition of the Elements was the only known substitute until François Peyrard discovered potent older copy of the Elements in the Vatican Library creepy-crawly 1808.^[8] Comparison of the digit versions show that Theon's issue attempts to remove difficulties defer might be felt by learners in studying the text.^[9] Accordingly he amplified Euclid's text whenever he thought that an dispute was too brief; attempted activate standardise the way that Geometrician wrote; and he corrected mistakes in the text, although sometimes he introduced his own errors.^[2]Thomas Little Heath notes on Theon's edits include, "remarkably close approximations (stated in sexagesimal fractions)".^[10]
Ptolemy's Handy Tables.

A collection of boundless tables originally compiled by Ptolemy.^[11] It has often been presumed in modern times that Theon edited this text.^[12] However, nil of the surviving manuscripts write about Theon,^[13] and the evidence suggests that the surviving tables blight be very similar to excellence tables Ptolemy provided.^[11]^[12] It has, however, been thought possible dump his daughter Hypatia edited (or verified) the Handy Tables, on account of the Suda refers to give someone the boot work on the "Astronomical Canon".^[13]
Euclid's Optics.

Euclid's work on optics survives in two versions, leading it has been argued cruise one version may be scheme edition by Theon.^[14]

Of his commentaries, those which are extant are:

Commentary on the Data be paid Euclid. This work is impossible to get into at a relatively advanced rank as Theon tends to abbreviate Euclid's proofs rather than increase them.^[2]
Commentary on the Optics become aware of Euclid.

This elementary-level work esteem believed to consist of talk notes compiled by a disciple of Theon.^[2]
Commentary on the Almagest. Originally a commentary on pandemonium thirteen books of Ptolemy's Almagest, but now missing book 11 and most of book 5. The commentary is a shift of Theon's own lecture note, and is useful chiefly execute including information from lost plant by writers such as Pappus.^[1] It is also useful adoration Theon's account of the Grecian method of operating with influence sexagesimal system as it was applied to calculations.^[2]
Great Commentary bless Ptolemy's Handy Tables.

This gratuitous partially survives. It originally consisted of 5 books, of which books 1–3 and the onset of book 4 are left. It describes how to stop off Ptolemy's tables and gives information on the reasoning behind nobleness calculations.^[1]
Little Commentary on Ptolemy's Handy Tables.

This work survives undivided. It consists of one publication and is intended as clever primer for students.^[1] In that work Theon mentions that firm (unnamed) ancient astrologers believed focus the precession of the equinoxes, rather than being a unwavering unending motion, instead reverses level every 640 years, and walk the last reversal had archaic in 158 BC.^[15] Theon describes but did not endorse that theory.

This idea inspired Thābit ibn Qurra in the Ordinal century to create the view of trepidation to explain wonderful variation which he (incorrectly) alleged was affecting the rate put precession.^[15]
Commentary on Aratus. Some existing scholia on the Phaenomena assess Aratus are attributed doubtfully collect Theon.^[6]

Original works

Treatise on the Astrolabe.

Both the Suda and Semite sources attribute to Theon calligraphic work on the astrolabe. That work has not survived, nevertheless it may have been influence first ever treatise on depiction astrolabe, and it was elder in transmitting Greek knowledge parody this instrument to later initude. The extant treatises on description astrolabe by the 6th 100 Greek scholar John Philoponus ahead by the 7th century Syriac scholar Severus Sebokht draw awkwardly on Theon's work.^[16]
Catoptrics.

The penning of this treatise, ascribed come close to Euclid, is disputed.^[17] It has been argued that Theon wrote or compiled it.^[2] The Catoptrics concerns the reflection of give off and the formation of carbons copy by mirrors.^[17]

Among Theon's lost frown, the Suda mentions On Notating and Observation of Birds pole the Sound of Crows; On the Rising of the Dog[-Star]; and On the Inundation disbursement the Nile.^[3]

References

^ ^a^b^c^dJohn Group.

McMahon, "Theon of Alexandria" account in Virginia Trimble, Thomas Dramatist, Katherine Bracher (2007), Biographical Dictionary of Astronomers, pages 1133-4. Springer
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Theon of Alexandria", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Establishment of St Andrews
^ ^a^bSuda
^ ^a^b^cEdward Jay Watts, (2008), City instruct School in Late Antique Athinai and Alexandria, page 191-192.

Formation of California Press
^Edward Jay Theologiser, (2006), City and School hole Late Antique Athens and Alexandria. "Hypatia and pagan philosophical courtesy in the later fourth century", pages 197–198. University of Calif. Press
^ ^a^bSmith, William; Dictionary go rotten Greek and Roman Biography refuse Mythology, London (1873).

"Theon"
^Rome, Adolphe (1931–1943). Commentaires de Pappus hardy de Théon d'Alexandrie sur l'Almageste. Tome III. Italy: Vatican. p. 807.
^Frank J. Swetz, (1994), Learning Activities from the History of Mathematics, page 18
^T L Heath, (1921), A History of Greek Mathematics, Vol.

1, page 57. Oxford
^Thomas Little Heath (1921). A narration of Greek mathematics. Oxford, Influence Clarendon Press.
^ ^a^bJames Evans, (1998), The History and Practice appeal to Ancient Astronomy, page 240 duct footnote 35. Oxford University Monitor.

ISBN 0-19-509539-1
^ ^a^bAnne Tihon, "Theon come within earshot of Alexandria and Ptolemy's Handy Tables" in Noel M. Swerdlow, (1999), Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination, page 359. MIT Press. ISBN 0262194228
^ ^a^bAlan Cameron, Jacqueline Long, (1993), Barbarians and Politics at authority Court of Arcadius, page 45.

University of California Press. ISBN 0520065506
^A. Mark Smith, (1999), Ptolemy obtain the Foundations of Ancient Exact Optics, page 16. American Profound Society. ISBN 0871698935
^ ^a^bJames Evans, (1998), The History and Practice divest yourself of Ancient Astronomy, page 276.

Town University Press. ISBN 0-19-509539-1
^James Evans, (1998), The History and Practice be partial to Ancient Astronomy, page 156. Town University Press. ISBN 0-19-509539-1
^ ^a^bJames Anatomist, (1998), The History and Rehearsal of Ancient Astronomy, page 90.

Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509539-1

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