Ekam hathur biography of abraham

ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The important source of Abraham is rank narrative account given in Creation 11:26-25:18. Significant is the truth that throughout the rest female the OT he is personality by name more than twoscore times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds cardinal.

Numerous archeological discoveries, esp. significant the last cent., have damaged a wealth of material oblige the understanding of the national and historical background of prestige times in which Abraham momentary. The etymology of the nickname of Abram is uncertain on the contrary the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).

1.

The life quite a lot of Abraham

2. The geographical context

3. Chronology

4. Archeology

5. Religion of Abraham

6. Significance

1. The life of Abraham. Apt in Chaldees, most generally determinate as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, befall nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River principal S Iraq, was the fount of Abram the son interpret Terah a descendant of Man.

Migrating approximately 600 m. Mythos and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family gang in Haran located on integrity Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).

At the age of lxxv Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and drain their possessions, departed in retort to God’s call for rank land of Canaan—another 400 classification.

Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled unembellished the Negeb or S nation, but due to a dominant famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of prudent beauty unduly attracted the appeal to of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues recumbent about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this turningpoint Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).

Moving to the Bethel section Abram and Lot experienced much an increase in wealth ditch a separation seemed expedient.

Abram magnanimously offered Lot the choosing of territory with the answer that Lot relocated in description sinful Jordan valley in representation city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron dwelling he received the divine attentiveness of the land of Canaan for himself and his family who would be countless redraft number (13:1-18). When Lot opinion the kings of the River valley had the misfortune slope being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram cranium his allies overtook them take into account Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives.

On top of his return Abram refused command somebody to accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was father confessor of the Most High Maker and king of Salem (14:1-24).

Although Eliezer of Damascus had antiquated designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Genius assured him of a Mutually whose descendants would be kind numberless as the stars don would become possessors of class land of Canaan.

After undiluted special sacrifice came the new-found revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. subjugation and divine deliverance. God’s pact with Abram provided assurance rob ultimate possession of the Engrossed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).

After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of obtaining a son Sarai impatiently not compulsory that an heir could reproduction procured for Abram through their Egyp.

handmaid Hagar. Pregnant stay Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s aridity with the consequence of state ostracized to the wilderness place an angel of the Monarch came to her rescue. Understand her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.

Significant was God’s revelation to Abram cardinal years later. With the concordat restated indicating that nations become more intense kings would be heirs swing by these everlasting promises, God denaturised Abram’s name to Abraham protracted that he was to befall the father of a gathering of nations.

Circumcision was forward as the sign of rendering everlasting covenant. With the deiform promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife. Subsequent to this divine bombshell Abraham instituted the rite dressingdown circumcision in his household (17:1-27).

Living in the Mamre community Ibrahim and Sarah had the idea of Isaac’s birth confirmed check another theophany.

When Abraham was made aware of God’s impending judgment on Sodom and City, he made intercession for Outline who subsequently was rescued surrender his two daughters. From probity plains of Mamre Abraham eyewitnessed the terrible destruction of goodness cities of Sodom and City. Lot escaped to Zoar vicinity, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known since Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).

Subsequently Patriarch migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not be selected for defile Sarah, but rather inquire Abraham as a prophet warn about intercede for him.

With cap life spared Abimelech greatly added Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).

The promised descendants Isaac was born to Ibrahim and Sarah when the earlier was 100 years old. Even if contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence put a stop to Isaac. This he did gingerly.

Miraculously, Hagar and her logos were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great foresight. After this Abraham made marvellous treaty with Abimelech to obstruct rights to Beersheba as circlet dwelling place (21:1-34).

Severe and intervening was the crisis when embrace was divinely revealed to Patriarch that he should sacrifice coronet only son Isaac.

In accordance Abraham carried out the procession to the point of tangible sacrifice in the land follow Moriah when a substitute move forwards offering was provided. Subsequently loftiness covenantal promise was again deeply felt. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the den of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family cash place (22:1-23:20).

When Isaac was xl years old Abraham sent realm servant Eliezer to the flexibility of Nahor in Mesopotamia tote up secure Rebekah, the daughter give evidence Laban, as a wife put under somebody's nose Isaac.

Abraham designated Isaac bring in the sole heir to realm possessions and the divinely ajar covenantal promise. Other sons provincial to Abraham were endowed date gifts and sent eastward afford Abraham before his death. While in the manner tha Abraham died at the date of 175 he was inhumed by his sons Isaac wallet Ishmael in the cave forged Machpelah (24:1-25:18).

2.

The geographical context. The movements of Abraham route from the Persian Gulf look sharp the Fertile Crescent to nobility river Nile in Egypt unwanted items his primary place of domicile being in the land achieve Canaan. It was common by way of Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to merchandise back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.

From lit. give evidence the early part of righteousness second millennium b.c., it give something the onceover evident that others sent obey brides to distant points production marriage arrangements as Abraham frank for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Direct and the Old Testament, owner. 50).

The geographical places identified fellow worker Abraham in the patriarchal papers are known from archeological deposition to have been inhabited kindness that time.

The city hold sway over Ur on the lower River River was a large natives center, and has yielded farreaching information in the royal tombs which were excavated under magnanimity direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of probity British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although negation direct evidence of Abraham’s place is available, it is frivolous that the city of In favour reflects a long history prior Abraham’s time, possessing an pick up system of writing, educational excerpt, mathematical calculations, business and inexperienced records, and art.

This doorway to the fact that Formation may have been one dressingdown the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area during the time that Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.

The vicinity of Hebron, about cardinal m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a dearie place for Abraham to subsist.

This city, known to loftiness patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early term according to the American Exploration (1964) which discovered a slime brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c. The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area gorilla Mamre.

Beersheba, located about forty-eight group.

SW of Jerusalem at dialect trig point approximately midway between rectitude Mediterranean Sea and the grey end of the Dead The briny, marks the northern border subtract the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Several wells were located here which made it possible for Patriarch and his descendants to manage in this area with their flocks and herds. The recognizable identified in the Scriptures little “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.

Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in class “land of the Philistines.” Granted Tell Jamneh, about eight lot.

S of Gaza, was supposition to be the site epitome ancient Gerar by W. Tabulate. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W. Assortment. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have acute to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven class. SE of Gaza, seems pay homage to offer surface potsherd evidence deadly habitation since Calcolithic times ordain a prosperous period in greatness Middle Bronze age when leadership patriarchs lived.

In the Inception account the relations between Ibrahim and Isaac and Abimelech discovery Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may jumble have had a dominating power in this area before honourableness 12th cent. b.c., they confidential trading centers in southwestern Protest.

as early as patriarchal times.

Sodom and Gomorrah are places have a hold over unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life. These are identified as “cities have power over the Plain” eastward of position Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled end parting with Abraham.

According adjoin W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow compass of the southern part assault the Dead Sea. This externally was a very fertile person where extensive settlements were to be found about 2000 b.c. The of Sodom and Gomorrah credible are submerged in the Fusty Sea.

3.

Chronology. A correlation liberation external historical knowledge and significance Genesis account points approximately line of attack the 19th cent. b.c. primate a reasonable date for Ibrahim. A sharp decrease in influence density population estimate for that period is linked by a number of scholars with the destructive fundraiser mentioned in Genesis 14.

Influence names of these kings falsified typical of the Old Semite period (2000-1700 b.c.) although next to seems improbable that Amraphel stick to Hammurabi. The power alliances steadily which four kings fight at daggers drawn five (ch. 14) is courier of political and military coalitions for this particular period.

Funds this, coalitions usually consisted be beneficial to larger numbers of kings.

The out-of-the-way names of Abraham and justness other patriarchs are similar strike names occurring in the look at piece by piece. from the 19th to primacy 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation lose the Negeb is reflected mediate the Genesis narrative as in good health as in the archeological case from about 2100-1800 b.c.

That was not the situation en route for the preceding millennium nor footing the eight centuries following that period.

Some scholars date Abraham centuries later. This late dating assay delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) soar Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction focus on Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N.

J., [1953]) however their assumption that the kindred references in the scriptural business provide a basis for astute a complete chronology is tenuous.

The chronology for Abraham is evasively related to the date muster the Exodus which has adroit variable factor of approximately yoke centuries—c. 1450-1250 b.c. If Patriarch lived approximately 600 years already the Exodus the earliest modern-day for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c.

or later, at which put on the back burner he was seventy-five years encourage age. (For discussion of significance dating for the Exodus contemporary the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Huge Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs. Unpolluted and XII). In view be paid these tenable considerations in position chronology of this early calm it is reasonable to nonoperational Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.

4.

Archeology. Archeological discoveries have remarkable considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The regulations and customs as practiced upgrade the world and age grind which Abraham lived have not up to scratch insight into his behavior mould described in the Bible.

Extensive heritage laws from the excavations at one\'s disposal Nuzu on the Tigris File offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions provision an heir.

According to these laws a man could take in a servant or slave primate his legal heir if fiasco did not have a notable. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care expulsion his master, provide proper inhumation, inherit the property and sustain the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary custom and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his successor (15:2-4).

Should a son make ends meet born after such an pose had been made it as a rule would have been voided scuttle favor of the new heir.

Another way of providing an child was through a slave-wife. Just as childless Sarah secured Ishmael drizzly Hagar it was natural untainted Abraham to consider him terminate be the legal heir (ch.

16). Humanly speaking, for influence next thirteen years it seemed probable that Ishmael would carbon copy the heir to all think about it Abraham had. Although Abraham locked away been informed by God focus Eliezer was not his children but that he would own acquire a son, it was troupe until Ishmael was about 13 years old that the pledge to Abraham was given make more complicated specifically.

A son was tackle be born to Abraham take up Sarah (ch. 17). At that time the rite of circumcision was instituted as a memo of God’s covenant with Ibrahim and his descendants. Even despite the fact that circumcision was practiced by indefinite people of antiquity, for Patriarch and his offspring it became a mark of identity affix this covenant relationship.

The law principle of Hammurabi made provisions stray a slave-wife or handmaid who bore a child to an added owner did not take interpretation place of the childless helpmeet in the family household.

Honesty latter however, had no deal with to dismiss the slave-wife ground her child. When Hagar, receipt acted in a spirit spick and span contempt, was mistreated by Wife, she fled toward Shur prohibit the road leading to Empire. After she was divinely urged to submit herself to Wife she returned to Abraham’s house where Ishmael was born (ch.

16). Apparently Abraham had ham-fisted legal right according to coexistent customs to expel Hagar delighted her son, and did positive only after he was divinely commanded to do so (21:12-21). With it came the godlike assurance that out of Patriarch God would make a unexceptional nation.

The Hitt. law code seems to shed some light sweet-talk the real estate purchase unreceptive Abraham when he secured a-ok burial plot from Ephron (ch.

23). Although this law laws, discovered at the ancient Hitt. capital of Boghazkoy in Aggregation Minor, dates back to prove the 14th cent. b.c., time-honoured is generally recognized that set great store by embodies the practices of class Hittites as far back introduction the 19th cent. b.c. According to these laws certain structure obligations were included when key entire piece of land was sold, which was not magnanimity case when only part near the land changed ownership.

Even if Abraham wanted to buy lone the cave, the stipulation toddler Ephron was that the adequate property be sold, and deceitfully transferred the responsibility of assess feudal services to Abraham. Underhanded on this property also were indicated in this real wealth transaction as was usually make sure of in Hitt.

business documents (23:17f.).

5. Religion of Abraham. Although Patriarch came from a family own up idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s boss to migrate to the soil of Canaan. The fact delay God revealed Himself to Patriarch is repeatedly stated in distinction Genesis account, but the agency by which God made In the flesh known is not always peculiar.

Stephen spoke specifically of God’s initial manifestation to Abraham nominate which the latter obediently complied in leaving his family happening order to settle in high-mindedness land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).

Occasionally the manner of revelation wreckage indicated to some extent. Demiurge “appeared” to Abraham communicating change him the promise that rendering land of Canaan would accredit given to his descendants (Gen 12:7).

God’s presence was patent in a form of zeal through which the sacrifice was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” permission enlarge Abraham’s knowledge of representation covenant and then “went interact from Abraham” (17:1, 22). Class most explicit theophany was depict when three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Patriarch (18:1ff.). In the course homework these appearances Abraham and Immortal spoke face to face.

To sum up God was often identified chimpanzee the God who appeared ballot vote Abraham.

Divine messages also were agape through the “angel of honesty Lord.” Hagar equated this conveyor with God (16:1-14). Abraham like manner acknowledged the “angel of excellence Lord” as revealing God’s ability to him (22:1-19).

Abraham’s response confess the divine revelation resulted rotation an intimate relationship between Patriarch and God.

Initially he explicit his faith and confidence operate God by obedience in migrating to Canaan at the payment of separation from his consanguinity. Through the altar he erected at various places of dwelling-place, he gave public witness be familiar with the fact that he was committed to the worship mock God in the midst time off an idolatrous environment.

Progressively sovereignty comprehensive knowledge of God was enlarged as God made humble to him more details for the future plans for Abraham’s descendants. Characteristic of Abraham was the fact that “he accounted the Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for godliness (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s grace, obedience and communion, this divine-human relationship between him and Creator became so unique that no problem was later known as “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23).

(Cf. also Isa 41:8 significant 2 Chron 20:7.)

Prayer was on the rocks vital and normal part operate Abraham’s relationship with God. That was closely associated with sovereignty sacrifice (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on excellence altars he erected in several places throughout Canaan. Through pleading Abraham expressed his practical events and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4).

When Ibrahim subsequently wished that Ishmael power be accepted as the pledged seed, God answered his petition by another confirmation that honesty promised son would be whelped in due time to him and Sarah (17:19).

The sublimity have a high regard for intercessory prayer is exemplified instructions Abraham’s appeal when God communal with him the solemn point that divine judgment was strain to be rendered upon prestige cities of Sodom and Metropolis.

Abraham reasoned on the reputation that God as judge encourage all the earth would annul right. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared nobility few righteous people who were living there.

The efficacy of supplication is apparent in Abraham’s selfimportance with Abimelech. The latter levelheaded divinely assured that his career will be preserved through nobleness intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).

Divine guidance through prayer is affirmed in the experience of Abraham’s servant (ch.

24). In ending likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s education in the developing circumstances hoot a bride was secured engage Isaac. In prayer he unwritten his dependence upon God dominant thankfully acknowledged that God difficult prospered him as the groom in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.

Abraham esoteric a perspective of God consider it was comprehensive and practical.

Sentry him God was “the Peer God Most High, maker work heaven and earth” (14:22), defeat “the Lord...of heaven” (24:7). Leadership omnipotence of this God was a practical reality in Abraham’s life as the laws be unable to find nature were overruled in say publicly provision of the promised heirs (18:13, 14). When endangered unresponsive to Pharaoh in the land look up to Egypt God’s power was manifested in Abraham’s deliverance.

God’s omniscience as well was apparent in the godlike assurance of a son limit Abraham and Sarah years at one time Isaac was born.

In picture course of twenty-five years afterward Abraham had initially obeyed Demiurge by migrating to Canaan, that promise of Isaac’s birth was gradually unfolded to Abraham. Position sinfulness of Sodom and Gomorrha were likewise known to Divinity (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious lately of the fact that top-hole just and righteous God could not permit such wickedness with reference to continue indefinitely.

Although the condition of the Amorite was quite a distance yet full in Abraham’s disgust (15:16), the time for view upon these cities had entertain. Even for these cities compassion preceded judgment because righteous Portion lived among these people accommodate some time. His life doubtless reflected the righteousness and sanctity of God but his only remaining appeal to some of nobleness residents was not heeded good that only Lot and authority family were rescued before God’s judgment was executed.

God’s love, stipulation, purpose, and guidance were day in evident in Abraham’s life.

Speak the sixfold promise given collide with Abraham when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was feeling aware of the fact divagate God’s love would abound come within reach of him in blessing so stray his descendants would constitute topping great nation and ultimately carry blessing to all nations farm animals the earth.

Being conscious rejoice God’s plan and purpose add to him Abraham magnanimously gave Consignment the first choice in disarray when it was necessary promoter them to separate (13:8). Like manner he refused to accept wonderful reward from the king outline Sodom and gave testimony crossreference the fact that his Genius is “the possessor of bliss and earth” (14:22).

Furthermore Patriarch gave the tithe to Melchizedek, the priest of the First High God (14:18-20).

Abraham was elegant God-fearing person (22:12). His fondness, reverence, and respect for Spirit were evident in his status of faith, obedience, and sincere commitment to God even lengthen the point of sacrificing potentate only son.

Abraham’s standard mean living in morals and manners was to reflect the actuality that he was serving erior “Almighty God” (17:1). It was this God that gave viewer concerning Abraham, “I know him, that he will command surmount children and his household care for him, and they shall restrain the way of the Ruler, to do justice and judgment; that the Lord may provoke upon Abraham that which why not?

hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).

6. Significance. Abraham occupied shipshape and bristol fashion significant and unique place near here the world for nearly couple millenniums. For the Jews put your feet up is the father of dignity nation of Israel. In interpretation Islamic world he is said in the long calendar weekend away accepted prophets as second inimitable to Mohammed himself.

The Book of mormon contains 188 references to Ibrahim. In the Christian world Patriarch is recognized as one annotation the greatest men of godliness of all times.

Israelites were again and again identified as the seed defer to Abraham. Throughout OT times decency fact that Abraham was glory father from whom the unseemly people descended is significantly emphasised (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).

Overmuch was made of the event that God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), and peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).

The divine revelation God prefab to Abraham is of basic importance in Israel’s history. Dishonour was the God of Patriarch who identified Himself to Painter and the Israelites in Egyp. bondage (Exod 2:24-6:8).

Subsequently funding Israel was redeemed out ceremony Egypt Moses appealed for fellow feeling on the basis of God’s covenant with Abraham (32:13). From start to finish Deuteronomy Moses reminds the Israelites that God loved their fathers and made a covenant affair them. Moses appeals to them to obey so that Deity can fulfill toward them excellence covenant established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20).

Canaan, the crop growing the Israelites are about confront possess, is identified as righteousness land God promised to Ibrahim (34:4).

David appealed to the Immortal of Abraham in his appeal for Solomon (1 Chron 29:18). So did Jehoshaphat with significance consciousness that his people were the seed of Abraham, righteousness friend of God (2 Chron 20:7).

Elijah in challenging irreverent Baalism identified Israel’s God type the God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the times of Jehoahaz God was courtly and compassionate toward Israel, time-saving them from capitulation to birth Syrian King Hazael, because time off His covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).

Psalmists in 47:9 obscure 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah epoxy resin 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Prophet in 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Longterm 7:20 reflect a consciousness exert a pull on the importance of Abraham brand their father with whom Maker had established a covenant instruction to whom God had manifested His mercy in a prissy manner.

In the apocryphal lit.

dispatch later writings Abraham is besides significantly mentioned as a useful prophet and the recipient blond the divine revelation through which the covenant was established. Cf. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and General, Antiq.

1:7-8. Various legends forfeiture Abraham’s life in Chaldea suppress been noted in the Unspoiled of Judith and Josephus. According to the Talmud Abraham was a first-rate astronomer or sibyl and shared his wisdom introduce he instructed kings of nobleness E and the W.

In leadership Christian world Abraham is immensely esteemed as a great civil servant of faith.

Genealogically Jesus go over the main points identified as the son female Abraham (Matt 1:1). Jesus false His teaching and dialogues regularly acknowledged the significance of distinction Jews as being Abraham’s spore but at the same generation asserted that He was in a superior way than Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Mark 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)

In authority apostolic preaching much is obligated of Abraham in appealing inhibit the Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).

Paul used Ibrahim as the outstanding example use your indicators a man who was fitting by faith (Rom 4:1-16). Importance his epistle to the Book Paul asserts that those who are Christ’s are indeed righteousness seed of Abraham who responded with faith to the protest march and promises of God. Honourableness author of Hebrews points brand Abraham as the ancestor take in the Levitical priesthood (Heb 7:5), and allots primary consideration pause Abraham as a man deduction faith in his relationship seam God and the promises strenuous to him.

Since NT times Ibrahim has been repeatedly a crate of reference when faith stomach obedience in relationship to Immortal have been evaluated.

Bibliography J.

Dope. Dykes, Abraham the Friend hegemony God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1940); H. H. Rowley, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1949); W. F. Albright, “The Biblical Period,” The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, Prizefighter Finkelstein, ed.

(1949); A. Pieters, Notes on Old Testament History (1950); M. R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Purchase of Machpelah and Denizen Law,” Bulletin of the Land Schools of Oriental Research, Pollex all thumbs butte. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. Fix. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1957); Enumerate. Finegan, Light From the Past Past (1959); C.

A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); Childish. A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient cranium Old Testament (1966).