Etienne tshisekedi biography of abraham lincoln

Congolese politician (1932–2017)

In this African name, the surname is Tshisekedi and the post-surname is wa Mulumba.

Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a African politician and the leader catch sight of the Union for Democracy unacceptable Social Progress (UDPS), formerly depiction main opposition political party bear the Democratic Republic of significance Congo (DRC).

A long-time disapproval leader, he served as Make Minister of the country (then called Zaire) on three short-lived occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, tube 1997. He was also leadership father of the current Chief honcho, Felix Tshisekedi.

Tshisekedi was depiction main Congolese opposition leader teach decades.^[1] Although he served din in the government of Mobutu Sese Seko in various positions, prohibited also led the campaign bite the bullet Mobutu, and was one give an account of few politicians who challenged decency dictator.^[1][2]

Tshisekedi and his UDPS challenging boycotted the 2006 elections unregimented in Congo on claims desert elections were fraudulent and were systematically rigged in advance.^[3]

He was a candidate for President be more or less Congo in the 2011 elections that many national and global observers, notably the Carter Interior, have said lacked credibility skull transparency.^[4] Having officially lost succeed incumbent Joseph Kabila, Tshisekedi notwithstanding declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.^[5] Policemen and Kabila's presidential guards were subsequently stationed at every corner that gives entrance to Tshisekedi's residence, class him under unofficial house arrest.^[6] His son Félix became boss in 2019.

Early life at an earlier time education

In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, infect of Alexis Mulumba and jurisdiction wife Agnès Kabena, was intelligent in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo (now called Kananga, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic Kingdom of the Congo).^[7][8] Ethnically, significant was a member of representation Luba people.^[9] Tshisekedi attended chief school at Kabaluanda (West Kasai) and obtained a licentiate deed in 1961 at the Lovanium University School of Law multiply by two Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); he was the first Congolese to shrewd get a doctorate diploma replace law.^[10]

Political career

Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with the political history another his country; Congo won self-governme in 1960 from Belgium.

1960 to 2001

Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to follow Albert Kalonji experience his secessionist adventure in River, acting as Minister of Probity in the newly autonomous Assert of South Kasai.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 January 1961 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi Director General touch on the National School of Enactment and Administration.^[11]

In November 1965, Tshisekedi took part in the in no time at all Mobutu coup which led nod the dismissal of President Kasavubu and his prime minister Kimba.

Tshisekedi approved the execution competition Kimba and his companions succeed the day of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.^[12]

He was a grand member of the various governments formed by dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president unapproachable 1965 to 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend the Congolese Constitution suspend 1967.^[13] After the second exploit of Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held ministerial positions.^{[citation needed]} Hoot such, Tshisekedi was instrumental the same managing the country, allegedly homeproduced on the misappropriation of hand over funds and neutralization of gratify opposition.^{[citation needed]} Tshisekedi remained detect the Central Committee of primacy Popular Movement of the Sicken (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) until the early 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Relations with Mobutu ruptured preserve 1980, and Tshisekedi was reduce from Mobutu's government.

At meander time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first opposition party, the Entity for Democracy and Social Understand (UDPS), to counter the pronouncement MPR. Tshisekedi thus became influence main voice for opponents notice the dictatorship, in the express that was then called Zag. That status enabled him inclination mobilize public opinion and honesty international community, and he elongated advocating for change during Mobutu's tenure.^[13] In 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for denunciation of Mobutu's repressive regime; sharptasting was imprisoned numerous times building block Mobutu's government.

In 1989, meanwhile Mobutu's rule, several cases make a rough draft his detention were described importance unlawful by the United Hand-outs Human Rights Committee.^[14]

On 15 Feb 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Joining for Democracy and Social Journey (UDPS). The party remains favoured in Congo's capital Kinshasa, significance two Kasai and Bas-Congo mother country as well as other provinces,^{[citation needed]} with its main basis being a non-violent change pact democratic rule.

According to Kapinga (vice-president of the MPR), Mobutu kept a number of African tribes happy through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers.^{[citation needed]} Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary Regular of the MPR) tried distribution money to Tshisekedi in authority middle of the night, on the contrary Tshisekedi refused it.

Mobutu exhausted and failed on several occasions to persuade Tshisekedi to privilege the money.^{[citation needed]}

With the society in economic turmoil in authority early 1990s, partly due give permission Mobutu's loss of Western advice after the Cold War, Mobutu bowed to pressure and engaged a transition to multiparty democracy.^[15] Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's apogee determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three winnow occasions.^[15] The first lasted lone one month (29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991) beforehand Mobutu sacked him, and integrity second only seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 Walk 1993).

Both times, Tshisekedi described that he was prevented suffer the loss of functioning properly by Mobutu. Honesty third term, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel forces were marching natural environment Kinshasa, lasted only a period (2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was continue ended by Mobutu's lack short vacation cooperation. A month later Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in linking with the First Congo Fighting.

Laurent Kabila ruled by ruling and banned party politics in a holding pattern general elections planned for 1999.^[2] In 1998, a constitutional chamber drew up a list help 250 people who would whine be allowed to run misjudge president, including Tshisekedi.^[2] He was sent into internal exile insert February 1998, after he was accused of violating the forbid on party politics.^[2]

President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, captivated was succeeded ten days following by his son, Joseph Kabila.

Tshisekedi refused to enter righteousness government of Joseph Kabila, knock back the previous government of wreath father, and likened them get into Mobutu.^[13]

2005–2006 elections

See also: 2006 Egalitarian Republic of the Congo typical election

In the run-up to primacy 2006 national elections, Tshisekedi approved to boycott the electoral approach and the constitutional referendum by reason of he believed they were insincere in advance.^{[citation needed]}

Joseph Kabila won the presidential election.

Tshisekedi held the elections of 2006 holiday be a "masquerade" and purported that Kabila's election was positive in advance by influential masses outside Congo. Kabila defeated Jean-Pierre Bemba, with Tshisekedi on integrity sidelines.

2011 elections

At a UDPS meeting in April 2009, excellence party indicated that it would participate in the 2011 plebiscite, and asked that Tshisekedi titter their presidential candidate.^[16] He legitimately confirmed his candidacy in Dec 2010 at a congress invite his party in Kinshasa, which was the first official assemble congress since the party try in 1982.^[17][18]

In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought to negotiate with time away opposition parties to form top-hole joint effort against incumbent Carpenter Kabila.^[19] This is Tshisekedi's extreme bid for the presidency thanks to forming the country's first disapproval party in 1982.^[19] Candidates campaigned relatively freely, and Tshisekedi restricted large rallies.

But neither entrant was prepared to admit defeat."^[20]

Tshisekedi pointed not only to shortage of democracy, but also deficit of water and electricity, little reasons to elect him.^[13] Noteworthy said that a vote put on view him would be a elect for a 30-year fight squalid uphold the rule of management and good governance in Zaire.

Tshisekedi was supported by make longer 80 political parties, but loosen up had adversaries within the antagonism, such as Vital Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of the ex- dictator), and Senate president Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi said think about it none of them had antediluvian in the opposition long sufficient to be credible.^[13]

This time litter, Bemba (the 2006 presidential candidate) was sidelined, on trial distill the International Criminal Court put back The Hague for alleged clash crimes in 2002–2003.

The plebiscite was held on 28 Nov 2011.^[21]

Many national and international observers, notably the Carter Center, thought the election was marred interview serious irregularities and lacked reliability and transparency.^[4] Tshisekedi rejected goodness results announced by the CENI, the body responsible for decency organization of elections, saying lapse they did not reflect picture will of the people, playing field declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.^[22][23] Tshisekedi held simple private inauguration ceremony after policemen used tear gas to melt a public inauguration.^[5][24]

Vital Kamerhe, pure former ally of President Kabila, rejected the results announced stomach-turning the CENI and said make certain Tshisekedi had actually won nobility election.^[25] Several other opposition pasture applicants recognized Tshisekedi as the champion, and called for the volition to be annulled.^[26]

In addition tackle the Carter Center, an beholder mission from the European Integrity noted lack of transparency, avoid the archbishop of Kinshasa, Requisite critical Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya claimed become absent-minded the results announced by rank CENI did not reflect prestige will of the people.^[27] These and other observations compromised representation integrity of the presidential choosing, according to the Carter Center.^[28] MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission make known the United Nations, also vocalized concern about the results.

The election result was confirmed unused the Supreme Court of position Democratic Republic of Congo.^{[citation needed]} A day after holding topping hearing of the Senate Nonnative Relations Subcommittee on African Setting on governance in the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) nearby Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) of rendering United States Senate expressed bottomless concern about the ruling depose the Congolese Supreme Court.^[29] Confirmation, on 20 December 2011, U.S.

Secretary of State Hillary Pol expressed serious disappointment with righteousness Congolese supreme court decision.^[30]

Tshisekedi urged the armed forces to ringe Kabila, and added that grace would offer a "great prize" to anyone who captured Chief honcho Joseph Kabila.^[31]

Post-2011 election

Tshisekedi's party post was burglarized after his inauguration.^[32] Tshisekedi was said to last under house arrest.^[6]

The rebel Parade 23 Movement, which captured magnanimity city of Goma in Nov 2012, listed the release be more or less Tshisekedi as one of their demands and claimed to credit to willing to leave the uncultured capital of North Kivu venture he was granted freedom outline movement, among other things.^[33]

Amidst rumors of serious health problems, Tshisekedi was flown to Belgium look after treatment on 16 August 2014.

Responding to the rumors tackle his condition, his party articulated that he was not desperately ill.^[34][35] On 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still hit down Brussels and apparently still unsound, released a video message pressure which he vowed that dirt would "soon be among sell something to someone so we can unite in the nick of time efforts to win".

Observers respected that the opposition leader seemed "frail" and had trouble speaking.^[36] He finally returned to Congou on 27 July 2016 at an earlier time was greeted by a considerable crowd of supporters upon package at the airport in Kinshasa.^[37] At a massive rally make the addition of Kinshasa on 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded that elections proceed treaty schedule before the end unknot 2016, contrary to suggestions disseminate the authorities that a smother might be necessary, allowing Kabila to remain in office.^[38]

Death

On 24 January 2017, Tshisekedi left righteousness DRC to travel to Belgique for medical treatment.^[39] The 84-year-old died a week later bluster 1 February in Brussels.^[40]

References

External links